4D printing of reconfigurable metamaterials and devices

Abstract Shape-shifting materials are a powerful tool for the fabrication of reconfigurable materials. Upon activation, not only change in their shape but also large shift material properties can be realized. As compared with 4D printing 2D-to-3D shape-shifting materials, (i.e., 3D-to-3D shape-shifting) remains challenging. That is caused by intrinsically 2D nature layer-by-layer manner fabrication, which limits possible modes printed Here, we present single-step production method and programming shape-changing requires nothing more than simple modification widely available fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. This allows printer to print on curved surfaces. We demonstrate how this modified combined various design strategies achieve high levels complexity versatility behavior our devices. showcase potential proposed approach deployable medical devices including bifurcation stents that otherwise extremely challenging create.